ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate Cu and Zn migration and fractions in sandy soil of vineyards. In Urussanga (SC), Brazil, soil samples were collected from a 4-year-old and 15-yearold vineyard, and from a forested area. In the soils, the chemical characteristics of Cu and Zn were analyzed by the EDTA method, which determines the fraction available in soil; 3050B method of the USEPA for total concentrations, which represents the pseudo-soil contents in the soil; and chemical fractionation, which estimates soluble fraction, exchangeable fraction, fraction associated with clay minerals, fraction associated with organic matter and residual fraction. The results show that there is accumulation of Cu and Zn in sandy soils cultivated with grapevines and with frequent fungicide applications. These higher levels were found in soils with longer cultivation time (15 years old), but were restricted to the superficial layers of the soil. Most of the Cu was extracted by EDTA method, and it may be considered as available to plants. The EDTA also extracted a small part of Zn. Most of the Cu in the vineyard soils can be characterized by low geochemical mobility, but in the uppermost soil layers of the oldest vineyard, there was an increase in Cu content associated with soil organic matter. Most of the Zn in the vineyard soil was associated with minerals, which indicates low mobility and also low potential for toxicity to plants and microorganisms.

RESUMO: O manejo de plantas espontâneas em pomares de macieira (Malus domestica) pode afetar a lixiviação de nitrogênio (N) do solo. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a lixiviação de formas de N em solo sob pomar de macieiras com diferentes manejos de plantas espontâneas. O experimento foi conduzido em um pomar de macieira implantado em 2008. Em outubro de 2011, foram selecionadas 80 plantas e implantados os tratamentos: sem manejo das plantas espontâneas (SM); dessecamento das plantas espontâneas na linha de plantio com uso de herbicidas (DL) e roçada mecânica das plantas espontâneas na linha de plantio (RL). Nas safras 2011/2012, 2012/2013 e 2013/2014 foi avaliada a produtividade. Em maio de 2012 foram instalados lisímetros com cápsula porosa nos tratamentos SM, DL e RL; e na solução coletada a 0,20m em dezesseis épocas foram analisados NH4 +-N e NO3 --N, e calculado o teor de N-mineral. Os maiores teores de NO3 --N e mineral-N ocorreram na solução no solo com DL, o que aumenta a disponibilidade do nutriente às macieiras, mas também potencializa as perdas. O manejo de plantas espontâneas e o fluxo de N na solução não afetaram a produtividade de maçã.

ABSTRACT: Weed management in apple orchards (Malus domestica) can affect the leaching of nitrogen (N) in soil. The study aimed to evaluate the potential leaching of N forms in soil of an apple orchard with different weed management treatments. The experiment was conducted in an apple orchard implanted in 2008. In October 2011, 80 plants were selected and the following treatments were implemented: no weed management (NM), desiccation of weeds on the tree row with herbicide use (DR) and mechanical mowing of weeds on the tree row (MR). Yield was evaluated in the 2011/2012, 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 crop seasons. In May 2012 porous cup lysimeters were installed in the NM, DR and MR treatments. In the solution collected at 0.20m, NH4 +-N and NO3 --N were analyzed sixteen times and mineral N concentration was calculated. The highest concentrations of NO3 --N and mineral N occurred in soil solution with DR, which increases availability of the nutrient to apple trees, but also enhances the potential losses. Weed management and N flow in the solution did not affect apple yield.

ABSTRACT Phosphorus (P) applications at dosages higher than the necessary may cause P buildup in the soil labile fractions and, consequently, pollution of water sources. This study aimed to assess accumulation of P fractions as well as the parameters of adsorption isotherms in soil profiles having a history of application of phosphate fertilizers and cultivated with apple trees. Soil samples were collected from an area with no history of cultivation and 2 apple orchards cultivated for 8 (P8) and 18 (P18) years, in the city of Urubici, Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Soil samples were air dried, sieved in a 2-mm mesh, and subjected to chemical analyses (P adsorption) besides P chemical fractionation. Applications of phosphate fertilizers to the orchards, particularly P18, increased the inorganic and organic concentrations of P in all fractions. The distribution of P in organic and inorganic forms in the planted soils was similar to the distribution observed for the native vegetation soil. The highest inorganic labile P fraction, the lowest maximum P adsorption capacity, and the highest equilibrium concentration values at P18 are indicators of a higher environmental pollution risk of the orchards soils compared to the native soil.

RESUMO. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o estado nutricional, produção e composição de pêssegos em pessegueiros submetidos à aplicação de composto orgânico no solo. O experimento foi conduzido, na safra 2008 e 2009, em um pomar da cultivar Chimarrita, enxertada sobre o porta-enxerto Capdeboscq e cultivadas em um solo Cambissolo Húmico, no município de Farroupilha (Estado do Rio Grande do Sul). Os tratamentos foram 0, 9, 18, 36, 72 e 144 litros de composto orgânico por planta-1 ano-1. Avaliou-se o teor de nutrientes totais nas folhas, componentes de produção, produção por planta e hectare e a composição dos frutos em 2008 e 2009, logo depois da colheita e 30 dias após armazenamento. A aplicação de composto orgânico no solo, aumenta os valores de componentes de produção e a produção de pêssego por planta e hectare, nas duas maiores quantidades de composto fornecidas, o que economicamente indica a melhor dose de 72 L de composto por planta-1. A adição de composto orgânico na superfície do solo não afeta o estado nutricional e pouco afeta a composição dos pêssegos após a colheita e depois de 30 dias do armazenamento.

ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional state, yield and composition of peaches on peach trees subjected to the application of organic compost to the soil. This experiment was conducted during the 2008 and 2009 cropping season in an orchard containing Chimarrita cultivars grafted onto Capdeboscq rootstocks and Haplumbrept soils in the municipality of Farroupilha (Rio Grande do Sul State), Brazil. The treatments included 0, 9, 18, 36, 72 and 144 liters of organic compost per plant-1 year-1. The total nutrient contents in the leaves, yield components, yields per plant and hectare and compositions of the fruits were evaluated in 2008 and 2009 soon after harvest and after 30 days of storage. The application of organic compost to the soil increased the yield components and the yields per plant and hectare in the two treatments with the highest compost additions, which indicated that the addition of 72 L of compost per plant-1 is ideal economically. The organic compost had little effect on the composition of the peach fruit after harvest and after 30 days of storage.

A aplicação de composto orgânico no solo pode incrementar a produção de pêssego, porém parte do N pode ser perdido por lixiviação e volatilização. O trabalho objetivou avaliar o estado nutricional das plantas, a produção de pêssego, a lixiviação de formas de N no solo e a volatilização de N-NH3 em um pomar de pessegueiro com a adição de composto orgânico produzido a partir de resíduos de agroindústrias de suco, resíduos de abatedouro de aves e serragem. O pomar foi implantado em 2009 e, em julho de 2010, 2011 e 2012, foram aplicados 0, 3, 6, 12 e 24L de composto por m2 e avaliaram-se os teores totais de nutrientes nas folhas e a produção. Em 2012, usando lisímetros instalados a 20 e a 40cm de profundidade, avaliaram-se as formas de N lixiviadas na solução percolada nos tratamentos 0 e 24L de composto. Usando câmeras coletoras, foi avaliada a volatilização de N-NH3 em todos os tratamentos até 478h depois da deposição do composto no solo. A aplicação de composto na superfície do solo incrementou o teor de K e N nas folhas completas, aumentando a produção de frutos. A aplicação de composto no florescimento aumentou a concentração de nitrato na solução do solo, somente na profundidade de 20cm. A emissão de amônia aumentou com o incremento da dose de composto aplicado, especialmente e nos períodos de maior temperatura

The application of organic compost to the soil can increase the production of peach, although part of the N may be lost by leaching and volatilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status, yield of peaches, leaching of N forms and volatilization of NH3-N in a peach orchard with the addition of compost produced from agroindustrial juice waste, poultry slaughterhouse residues and sawdust. The orchard was established in 2009, and in july 2010, 2011 and 2012 the quantities of 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24L of organic compost per m2 were applied on a peach orchard and the total nutrient content in leaves and production was evaluated. In 2012, using lysimeters installed at 20 and 40cm deep in the soil, it was measured the forms of N in the solution in the treatments of 0 and 24L of compost. The volatilization of NH3-N was assessed in all the treatments up to 478h after compost application on the soil. The application of compost on the soil surface increased the content of K and N in whole leaves, increasing fruit production. The compost application at flowering increased the concentration of nitrate in the soil solution at a depth of only 20cm. The ammonia emission increased especially with the augmenting dose of compost applied, and in periods of higher temperature

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os níveis de expressão de β-1,3-glucanases e quitinases nos porta-enxertos de videira SO4 e R110, respectivamente suscetível e resistente a Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. herbemontis, bem como avaliar o efeito do fungo micorrízico arbuscular Glomus intraradices no crescimento, na expressão dessas enzimas e na supressão do patógeno no porta-enxerto suscetível. Foram quantificadas as atividades enzimáticas de β-1,3-glucanases e quitinases nas raízes dos porta-enxertos. Mudas do porta-enxerto SO4 receberam inóculos de G. intraradices e F. oxysporum, e foram avaliadas quanto ao crescimento, atividade das duas enzimas e sintomas de doença. As atividades das enzimas nas raízes do porta-enxerto resistente aumentaram entre 0 e 5 dias após a inoculação do patógeno. A atividade de quitinases nas raízes do porta-enxerto suscetível aumentou com a inoculação do fungo micorrízico e do patógeno. A atividade de β-1,3-glucanases foi maior somente com a presença do fungo micorrízico e do patógeno. Videiras com inoculação de G. intraradices apresentaram diminuição nos sintomas de infecção por Fusarium spp., o que indica que o fungo micorrízico promove a indução de quitinases e β-1,3-glucanases especificamente na supressão ou inibição do patógeno.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the expression levels of β-1,3-glucanases and chitinases in SO4 and 110 grapevine rootstocks, respectively susceptible and resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. herbemontis, as well as to evaluate the effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices on plant growth, on enzyme expression and on pathogen suppression in the susceptible rootstock. The enzyme activities of β-1,3-glucanases and chitinases in the rootstocks roots were evaluated. Plant growth, enzyme activity, and disease symptoms were evaluated in SO4 plantlets inoculated with G. intraradices and F. oxysporum. Enzyme activities in the plant roots increased in the resistant rootstock, between 0 and 5 days after pathogen inoculation. In the susceptible rootstock, chitinase activity enhanced after the mycorrhizal fungus and the pathogen inoculations. β-1,3-glucanase activity increased only in the presence of both the mycorrhizal and the pathogenic fungi. G. intraradices-inoculated SO4 grapevine plantlets showed decreased symptoms of Fusarium infection, which indicates that the mycorrhizal fungus promotes chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities leading to pathogen suppression or inhibition.